TR EMERITUS

Many developing countries need funds for their economic development. They issue bonds in US dollar in the international markets. When the US dollar rises, as has happened in 2022, the developing countries find it costly to repay the borrowings. Some have defaulted in the process. Many developing countries have the means to mobilize... 

Does Singapore have a surplus of $2.2 billion or a structural surplus of $30 billion? It depends on the accounting treatment. This is my opinion. The SG govt adopts two unusual accounting methods. 1. Sale of land, mostly 99 year leases, are not taken as govt revenue. Instead, it disappears as transactions involving "past reserves". 2.... 

This is how I see the Chinese RMB becoming a reserve currency: 1. China buys raw materials from other countries and pays in RMB. 2. The exporting country keeps the RMB and use it to pay for products from China. 3. The unused RMB can be kept with the Chinese banking system to earn an attractive interest rate. 4. The RMB can be...